tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27241317564401994932024-03-14T01:30:37.172-07:00 DAV COLLEGE PUNDRI LIBRARYsimerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-10684584756210947102021-10-08T21:20:00.006-07:002022-09-28T02:38:06.667-07:00<p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"> D.A.V. College, Pundri, Kaithal, Haryana</span></span></p><strong style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> D.A.V. College, Pundri was established in 1969 at Pundri, Kaithal, Haryana under the banner of DAV College, Managing Committee, New Delhi which is a one of the largest non-government society running 665 educational institutions including Arts, Science, Commerce, Technical, Aurvedic, Professional Colleges, Centers for study of vedic ideals and philosophy, public and other schools all over India and abroad. The college campus is developed on 4.7 acres land. The college has two spacious double storied buildings surrounded by beautiful gardens and lush green lawns. The campus is well protected with a compound wall and houses college buildings, playgrounds, vehicle stand, seminar hall, library, canteen. The college is recognised by UGC under 2f in 1972. It is a semi-urban grant-in-aid college funded by state government and UGC. It is a co-educational institution imparting education to rural public including weaker sections, scheduled caste and other backward classes.</span></div></strong><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.8px; text-align: justify;"> </span><div><strong style="background-color: white; color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana; font-size: larger;">College Library </strong></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana; font-size: larger;"><i>(Working Hours 9 am to 4 pm)</i></strong></h3><div><p align="justify" class="librarystyle26" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px;"><strong>A well stocked and updated library is the backbone of any educational institution, which serves as a bank of information for students and staff. It has at present 23000 books on its shelves covering a large range of subjects. The textbooks section has several copies of various text books for the benefit of such students who cannot afford to buy them. The college reading room is provided with a large number of newspapers, periodicals and journals. The text books for girls are available for whole year in the library free of cost.</strong></p><p align="justify" class="librarystyle26" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px;"><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkOSdFLcTgw-68tRMbEh4A5GFBIgnofRU0r_anQRtW8qJnVW8bhVtNHjQydL2fzLa8HgPSQJBRCCrvD9nhTOV9Px2pqlnby4-7lqVsrZQ-qBiB_N1aKIGpR3Tdy20GKXt9lVvMq4oPPhA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="299" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkOSdFLcTgw-68tRMbEh4A5GFBIgnofRU0r_anQRtW8qJnVW8bhVtNHjQydL2fzLa8HgPSQJBRCCrvD9nhTOV9Px2pqlnby4-7lqVsrZQ-qBiB_N1aKIGpR3Tdy20GKXt9lVvMq4oPPhA/" width="320" /></a></strong></div><strong><br /><br /></strong><p></p></div>simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-68366521318774184462021-10-08T21:02:00.002-07:002021-10-08T21:02:24.738-07:00<p> <b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">भारत का संविधान</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, </span><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="भारत">भारत</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> का सर्वोच्च </span><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="विधि">विधान</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> है जो </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="संविधान सभा">संविधान सभा</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> द्वारा 26 नवम्बर 1949 को पारित हुआ तथा 26 जनवरी 1950 से प्रभावी हुआ। यह दिन (26 नवम्बर) भारत के </span><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="संविधान दिवस (भारत)">संविधान दिवस</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> के रूप में घोषित किया गया है |जबकि 26 जनवरी का दिन भारत में </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);" title="">गणतन्त्र दिवस</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> के रूप में मनाया जाता है।</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-law_min_intro_2-0" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-law_min_intro-2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hari_Das_3-0" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-Hari_Das-3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="भीमराव आम्बेडकर">भीमराव आम्बेडकर</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> को भारतीय संविधान का प्रधान वास्तुकार या निर्माता कहा जाता है।</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> भारत के संविधान का मूल आधार भारत सरकार अधिनियम १९३५ को माना जाता है।</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> भारत का संविधान विश्व के किसी भी गणतान्त्रिक देश का सबसे लम्बा लिखित संविधान है।</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-longest_7-0" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-longest-7" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">भारतीय संविधान सभा के लिए जुलाई 1946 में चुनाव हुए थे। संविधान सभा की पहली बैठक दिसंबर 1946 को हुई थी। इसके तत्काल बाद देश दो भागों - <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="भारत">भारत</a> और <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="पाकिस्तान">पाकिस्तान</a> में बंट गया था। संविधान सभा भी दो हिस्सो में बंट गई- भारत की संविधान सभा और पाकिस्तान की संविधान सभा।</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">भारतीय संविधान लिखने वाली सभा में 299 सदस्य थे जिसके अध्यक्ष <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="राजेन्द्र प्रसाद">डॉ. राजेन्द्र प्रसाद</a> थे। संविधान सभा ने 26 नवम्बर 1949 में अपना काम पूरा कर लिया और 26 जनवरी 1950 को यह संविधान लागू हुआ। इसी दिन कि याद में हम हर वर्ष 26 जनवरी को <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="गणतंत्र दिवस">गणतंत्र दिवस</a> के रूप में मनाते हैं। भारतीय संविधान को पूर्ण रूप से तैयार करने में 2 वर्ष, 11 माह, 18 दिन का समय लगा था।</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="संक्षिप्त_परिचय">संक्षिप्त परिचय</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">भारतीय संविधान में वर्तमान समय में भी केवल 395 अनुच्छेद, तथा 12 अनुसूचियाँ हैं और ये 25 भागों में विभाजित है। परन्तु इसके निर्माण के समय मूल संविधान में 395 अनुच्छेद जो 22 भागों में विभाजित थे इसमें केवल 8 अनुसूचियाँ थीं। संविधान में <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="भारत सरकार">सरकार</a> के संसदीय स्वरूप की व्यवस्था की गई है जिसकी संरचना कुछ अपवादों के अतिरिक्त <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="संघवाद">संघीय</a> है। केन्द्रीय कार्यपालिका का सांविधानिक प्रमुख <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रपति">राष्ट्रपति</a> है। भारत के संविधान की धारा 79 के अनुसार, केन्द्रीय <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="संसद">संसद</a> की परिषद् में राष्ट्रपति तथा दो सदन है जिन्हें राज्यों की परिषद <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="राज्यसभा">राज्यसभा</a> तथा लोगों का सदन <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="लोकसभा">लोकसभा</a> के नाम से जाना जाता है। संविधान की धारा 74 (1) में यह व्यवस्था की गई है कि राष्ट्रपति की सहायता करने तथा उसे परामर्श देने के लिए एक रूप होगा जिसका प्रमुख <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="प्रधानमन्त्री">प्रधानमन्त्री</a> होगा, राष्ट्रपति इस मन्त्रिपरिषद की सलाह के अनुसार अपने कार्यों का निष्पादन करेगा। इस प्रकार वास्तविक कार्यकारी शक्ति मन्त्रिपरिषद में निहित है जिसका प्रमुख <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="प्रधानमन्त्री">प्रधानमन्त्री</a> है जो वर्तमान में <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="नरेन्द्र मोदी">नरेन्द्र मोदी</a> हैं।<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> मन्त्रिपरिषद सामूहिक रूप से लोगों के सदन (लोक सभा) के प्रति उत्तरदायी है। प्रत्येक राज्य में एक <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="विधानसभा">विधानसभा</a> है। <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="उत्तर प्रदेश">उत्तर प्रदेश</a>, <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="बिहार">बिहार</a>, <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="महाराष्ट्र">महाराष्ट्र</a>, <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="कर्नाटक">कर्नाटक</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="आन्ध्रप्रदेश">आन्ध्रप्रदेश</a> और <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="तेलंगाना">तेलंगाना</a> में एक ऊपरी सदन है जिसे <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="विधानपरिषद">विधानपरिषद</a> कहा जाता है। <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="राज्यपाल">राज्यपाल</a> राज्य का प्रमुख है। प्रत्येक राज्य का एक राज्यपाल होगा तथा राज्य की कार्यकारी शक्ति उसमें निहित होगी। मन्त्रिपरिषद, जिसका प्रमुख <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="मुख्यमन्त्री">मुख्यमन्त्री</a> है, राज्यपाल को उसके कार्यकारी कार्यों के निष्पादन में सलाह देती है। राज्य की मन्त्रिपरिषद से राज्य की विधान सभा के प्रति उत्तरदायी है।</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">संविधान की सातवीं अनुसूची में संसद तथा राज्य विधायिकाओं के बीच विधायी शक्तियों का वितरण किया गया है। अवशिष्ट शक्तियाँ संसद में विहित हैं। केन्द्रीय प्रशासित भू-भागों को संघराज्य क्षेत्र कहा जाता है।</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">source: Wikipedia</p>simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-21782661326469574892019-08-19T22:38:00.003-07:002019-08-19T22:42:18.794-07:00Article 35 A: brief introduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Source: /www.sansarlochan.in <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
हाल ही में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने कहा है कि वह <b>संविधान की धारा </b><b>35A </b>की
संवैधानिक वैधता को चुनौती देने वाली याचिका की सुनवाई की तिथि के विषय
में कक्ष के अन्दर (in-chamber) निर्णय लेगा. विदित हो कि धारा 35A
जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्य के स्थायी निवासियों को अलग अधिकारों एवं विशेषाधिकारों
का प्रवाधान करती है.<br />
ज्ञातव्य है कि जब बिना किसी औपचारिक न्यायालय कार्यवाही के न्यायाधीश
के कक्ष में कोई आदेश निर्गत होता है तो यह प्रक्रिया कक्ष के अन्दर की
प्रक्रिया कहलाती है.<br />
<h2>
<span id="i"><b>पूर्ववृतांत</b></span></h2>
पिछले वर्ष अगस्त में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने संविधान की धारा 35A को
चुनौती देने वाली याचिकाओं पर सुनवाई स्थगित करते हुए कहा था कि अब इन पर
2019 के जनवरी महीने में सुनवाई की जायेगी. इसके लिए यह तर्क दिया गया था
कि केंद्र सरकार और जम्मू-कश्मीर सरकार ने बतलाया था कि राज्य में कानून
एवं व्यवस्था की कोई समस्या चल रही है.<br />
<h2>
<span id="_35A"><b>धारा </b><b>35A </b><b>क्या है?</b></span></h2>
धारा 35A संविधान में बाद में प्रवृष्ट किया गया एक प्रावधान है जो
जम्मू-कश्मीर की विधानसभा को यह खुला अधिकार देता है कि वह यह निर्धारित
करे कि राज्य के स्थायी निवासी कौन हैं और उन्हें अलग अधिकार (special
rights) और विशेषाधिकार प्रदान करे. ये अधिकार और विशेषाधिकार जिन
क्षेत्रों से सम्बंधित हैं, वे हैं – सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की नौकरियाँ, राज्य
में सम्पत्ति खड़ा करना, छात्रवृत्ति लेना, अन्न सार्वजनिक सहायताओं और
कल्याण कार्यक्रमों का लाभ उठाना. कहने का अभिप्राय यह है कि ये सभी लाभ
केवल उन व्यक्तियों को मिलेंगे जो राज्य के स्थायी निवासी हैं.<br />
इस धारा में यह भी प्रावधान है कि इसके तहत विधान सभा द्वारा की गई किसी
भी कार्रवाई को संविधान अथवा देश के किसी भी कानून का उल्लंघन नहीं माना
जाएगा.<br />
<h2>
<span id="i-2"><b>विवाद क्या है?</b></span></h2>
<ul>
<li>सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में दायर की गई याचिकाओं में कहा गया है कि धारा 35A
भारत की एकात्मता की भवाना के ही प्रतिकूल है क्योंकि इससे भारतीय
नागरिकों के अंदर <b>वर्ग के भीतर वर्ग </b>(class within a class) का निर्माण होता है.</li>
<li>यह धारा जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्य के अस्थायी नागरिकों को राज्य के अन्दर
आजीविका पाने और सम्पत्ति का क्रय करने से रोकती है. अतः यह धारा भारतीय <b>संविधान की धारा </b><b>14, 19 </b><b>और </b><b>21</b><b> में दिए गये मौलिक अधिकारों का उल्लंघन </b>करती है.</li>
<li>यह धारा राज्य के अस्थायी नागरिकों को दोयम दर्जे के नागरिकों के रूप में व्यवहार करती है.</li>
<li>इस धारा के कारण राज्य के अस्थायी निवासी चुनाव नहीं लड़ सकते.</li>
<li>अस्थायी नागरिकों के बच्चों को छात्रवृत्ति नहीं मिलती है और वे इसके लिए किसी न्यायालय की शरण भी नहीं ले सकते हैं.</li>
<li>जम्मू-कश्मीर का संविधान विभाजन के समय राज्य में आने वाले शरणार्थियों से सम्बंधित विषयों को “राज्य का विषय” नहीं मानता.</li>
<li>धारा 35A को असंवैधानिक रूप से घुसाया गया था क्योंकि संविधान की धारा
368 के अनुसार संविधान में संशोधन केवल संसद ही कर सकती है.अनुसार संविधान
में संशोधन केवल संसद ही कर सकती है.अनुसार संविधान में संशोधन केवल संसद
ही कर सकती है.</li>
<li>धारा 35A का अनुसरण करते हुए जो-जो कानून बने हैं, वे सभी संविधान के <b>भाग </b><b>3</b> में प्रदत्त मौलिक अधिकारों, विशेषकर <b>धारा </b><b>14</b> (समानता का अधिकार) और <b>धारा </b><b>21</b> (जीवन की सुरक्षा का अधिकार) का उल्लंघन है.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span id="__35A"><b>संविधान में धारा </b><b>35A </b><b>की प्रवृष्टि कैसे हुई?</b></span></h2>
<ul>
<li>धारा 35A संविधान में 1954 में केन्द्रीय मंत्रिमंडल की सलाह पर तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति राजेन्द्र प्रसाद के आदेश से प्रविष्ट की गई थी.</li>
<li>यह आदेश <b>संविधान (जम्मू-कश्मीर में लागू करना) आदेश, </b><b>1954</b> कहलाया. यह आदेश 1952 में हुए नेहरू और जम्मू-कश्मीर के वजीरे आजम शेख अब्दुल्ला के बीच हुए <b>दिल्ली समझौते</b> पर आधारित था. दिल्ली समझौते के द्वारा जम्मू-कश्मीर के नागरिकों को भारतीय नागरिक करार कर दिया गया था.</li>
<li>राष्ट्रपति के द्वारा दिया गया आदेश संविधान की धारा <b>370 (1) (d)</b>
के तहत निर्गत हुआ था. ज्ञातव्य है कि यह धारा राष्ट्रपति को यह अधिकार
देती है कि वह जम्मू-कश्मीर की प्रजा के लाभ के लिए संविधान में कतिपय
अपवाद और सुधार कर सकती है.</li>
</ul>
<img alt="article 35A" class=" wp-image-4145 aligncenter" height="867" src="https://www.sansarlochan.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/article-35A.jpg" width="715" /></div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-87005027506265617652019-05-17T03:26:00.000-07:002019-08-24T02:58:50.565-07:00List of open e books <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
e books available at link https:/k https://ebookfriendly.com/free-public-domain-books-sources//ebookfriendly.com/free-public-domain-books-sources/</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-19343039718847046932019-05-04T02:15:00.001-07:002019-08-24T03:00:37.568-07:00national digital library of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/" target="_blank">National digital library of India</a><a href="http://https//ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/">
</a>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-31888086540721950792019-05-04T02:04:00.001-07:002019-05-04T02:04:38.863-07:00<a href="https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/"></a><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #005484;">Library Rules</strong></div>
<ul class="customul" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -22px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">All students must make use of the library facility to enrich their academic excellence.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">Only bonafide members are allowed to enter the college library on the strength of a valid Identity Card, which must be produced as and when it is demanded by the library staff or college teaching staff.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">Complete silence must be maintained in & near the library.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">Students should not bring Walkman or any electronic instruments and eatables inside the library. Using the Cell Phone in the Library is strictly prohibited.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">Infringement of the library rules will result in the withdrawal of the library facility from the students.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">All cases of the violation of rules will be reported to the Principal for suitable action.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">In case of any difficulty, readers can approach the Librarian.</li>
<li class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 15px;">Co-operation of the students is earnestly sought in observing the rules.</li>
</ul>
</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-56923116257311071582019-02-05T22:31:00.002-08:002019-02-05T22:31:15.661-08:00Treasures at IIT Roorkee Library: Nehru-signed document, Bard’s first editions & priceless 1623 edition of William Shakespeare’s complete work<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">s</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">A rare document bearing Jawaharlal Nehru’s signature in Hindi, English and Urdu, and a priceless 1623 edition of William Shakespeare’s complete works, are among thousands of historic manuscripts and unseen photographs awaiting proper preservation at IIT Roorkee’s iconic library.</span><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Full Info | <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%252Fnews%252Feducation%252Ftreasures-at-iit-roorkee-nehru-signed-document-bards-first-editions%252Farticle26176757.ece%26sa%3DD%26sntz%3D1%26usg%3DAFQjCNHAXxc8KwaHyhUulFr3GN8GUAEtNA&source=gmail&ust=1549521009440000&usg=AFQjCNGbQzS0sCxCHqB1v3R7Xix6t56pEA" href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Ftreasures-at-iit-roorkee-nehru-signed-document-bards-first-editions%2Farticle26176757.ece&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHAXxc8KwaHyhUulFr3GN8GUAEtNA" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank">https://www.<wbr></wbr>thehindubusinessline.com/news/<wbr></wbr>education/treasures-at-iit-<wbr></wbr>roorkee-nehru-signed-document-<wbr></wbr>bards-first-editions/<wbr></wbr>article26176757.ece</a></span></b></div>
</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-13667433927984337842019-01-16T21:43:00.005-08:002019-01-16T21:51:55.083-08:00Exhibition at D A V College Pundri (Kaithal )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
An Exhibition o<i><b>n Iindian Constitution and Indian Political </b></i><b><i>Thinkers</i></b> was held on 14to 15 january 2019 in Library Seminar Hall at D.A.V.College Pundri Library. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAMgkznl3MuNWeLy4VUmIPXumPqVycgmUqZ6qJKFwSdboSozpLuoGXC7-DGajY3Ng_ubRqZB0J5Sjm4VI4jgVm2_YOHE72U0ouP3l4Ts1em0-_DfMUcerQaKLQdeB-69lJmY-tJ44d66M/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAMgkznl3MuNWeLy4VUmIPXumPqVycgmUqZ6qJKFwSdboSozpLuoGXC7-DGajY3Ng_ubRqZB0J5Sjm4VI4jgVm2_YOHE72U0ouP3l4Ts1em0-_DfMUcerQaKLQdeB-69lJmY-tJ44d66M/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0018.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigLM9v5d2qnmdzLRoHMVvsKBSZp4m5KgabZYEPzRFkarY4OGrd5I4WeNxUFNLJ_O7VAE-4UA_e5nktDeJXL8965HXO9FEtn70ARaKYy_eEoh0tXKC9QDYtzMQGtf761tIRdc797s1Y_aA/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigLM9v5d2qnmdzLRoHMVvsKBSZp4m5KgabZYEPzRFkarY4OGrd5I4WeNxUFNLJ_O7VAE-4UA_e5nktDeJXL8965HXO9FEtn70ARaKYy_eEoh0tXKC9QDYtzMQGtf761tIRdc797s1Y_aA/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0032.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEievG9lje-hzaAuo59F3K5S5QXB2kTb8IseH5bhc6XbtYg5sq-SlLH7uH868bdAIOiktu3bPLNrhKJafrGVe4HJap_LZnA0SKde_JFAavfFuhkg5U4z3T7FqT1aEjTmFiIW2hLi5-BJcZg/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEievG9lje-hzaAuo59F3K5S5QXB2kTb8IseH5bhc6XbtYg5sq-SlLH7uH868bdAIOiktu3bPLNrhKJafrGVe4HJap_LZnA0SKde_JFAavfFuhkg5U4z3T7FqT1aEjTmFiIW2hLi5-BJcZg/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0034.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dZR_OlvT-4BXvJz5QvOkZawtknupdPlg1WnOkBHHruEtMbPhg3kkmxnTuS-krLbjftKnhClg6-AmLX8-eH0Si9CXnCSO14b73TFvMqc-SQPr8_3aSrO2o6qlFVKkF8w0aj9mGTBB37k/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dZR_OlvT-4BXvJz5QvOkZawtknupdPlg1WnOkBHHruEtMbPhg3kkmxnTuS-krLbjftKnhClg6-AmLX8-eH0Si9CXnCSO14b73TFvMqc-SQPr8_3aSrO2o6qlFVKkF8w0aj9mGTBB37k/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0034.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFeh8hnyjEYbM0LusioOPLD33cj7UlbXU6mP7gs9aKHMEGDvSfown0eFOmZJa4zp-ymcijqAaTVYFcSb6gi4CGdkynV1OIOWhY_FRsi4ckf7nIpEw-7D2FVC1F4fsGiF5Y6DEgquID8Bw/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0037.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFeh8hnyjEYbM0LusioOPLD33cj7UlbXU6mP7gs9aKHMEGDvSfown0eFOmZJa4zp-ymcijqAaTVYFcSb6gi4CGdkynV1OIOWhY_FRsi4ckf7nIpEw-7D2FVC1F4fsGiF5Y6DEgquID8Bw/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0037.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbKC_u1uqdNZuQprpzvoSq3Cph1X8BpoZCkNIZKgpoa1HPIE5jTMXWs9fz6uFEcieTxgVRzTVaLtmxK4qftQnlW_IY33MTw17nwrBYEV4QrTAJ8I-VoMlBZoLVaLzsSXdm2b0xYQXrm_c/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0038.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbKC_u1uqdNZuQprpzvoSq3Cph1X8BpoZCkNIZKgpoa1HPIE5jTMXWs9fz6uFEcieTxgVRzTVaLtmxK4qftQnlW_IY33MTw17nwrBYEV4QrTAJ8I-VoMlBZoLVaLzsSXdm2b0xYQXrm_c/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0038.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDWbzbB1alIhYsg91sslkAd7wq3mAOXzy6XW2BRY9HGVSlsxollgzuEtY9iwnpQyzYXXcfYWmcijKB51cP6spGR-vgIwULBnWR2gadXxcWsgXU0VeomSnGDpKOe2mdoTfMPAsY2ALQS8/s1600/IMG-20190114-WA0039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDWbzbB1alIhYsg91sslkAd7wq3mAOXzy6XW2BRY9HGVSlsxollgzuEtY9iwnpQyzYXXcfYWmcijKB51cP6spGR-vgIwULBnWR2gadXxcWsgXU0VeomSnGDpKOe2mdoTfMPAsY2ALQS8/s320/IMG-20190114-WA0039.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkodZcunuRKE7KoRRAnNaTHxkYpPNuJDpMCfggUiSwl43uSLJ7hiwfgmlKW1EvZHq-zkBNEYXTLJGhHGxuWRb7PieDhvXzjRrPDbPTF2sRxHSp1SEHvXTLmcN5csamxQdDLfJsNhz_9M/s1600/IMG-20190115-WA0000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="780" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkodZcunuRKE7KoRRAnNaTHxkYpPNuJDpMCfggUiSwl43uSLJ7hiwfgmlKW1EvZHq-zkBNEYXTLJGhHGxuWRb7PieDhvXzjRrPDbPTF2sRxHSp1SEHvXTLmcN5csamxQdDLfJsNhz_9M/s320/IMG-20190115-WA0000.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYYtSQn8CRM6zfM1rx2SAcrd9QhssIzMcu5ke9NDnZQpvTOAYuMrBQY_2Lmw7CtujIf8NsL9D3PMZmlWP4IXstqDNIbgCAc9_lvdrE2H4Qia1L0mnssGQ-m1Wu-AawYTrJv2SHlEiHbkk/s1600/IMG-20190115-WA0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="780" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYYtSQn8CRM6zfM1rx2SAcrd9QhssIzMcu5ke9NDnZQpvTOAYuMrBQY_2Lmw7CtujIf8NsL9D3PMZmlWP4IXstqDNIbgCAc9_lvdrE2H4Qia1L0mnssGQ-m1Wu-AawYTrJv2SHlEiHbkk/s320/IMG-20190115-WA0002.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-57629501985174129772019-01-16T21:00:00.003-08:002019-01-16T21:00:13.647-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Braille technology firm builds 'Kindle for the blind'</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">LONDON (Reuters) - A British company plans to launch a Braille e-reader for blind people this year that should greatly enhance their reading experience and spare them from lugging around hefty print volumes.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Since it was developed by Louis Braille in the 19th Century, the alphabet of raised dots has brought the joy of reading to millions of blind and partially-sighted people.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">But in its printed form it’s not exactly convenient or portable: A Braille copy of the Bible can take up about 5 feet (1.5 meters) of shelf space.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">British firm Bristol Braille Technology hopes to change this with Canute 360, their new ‘Kindle for the blind’ which it says is the world’s first multi-line Braille e-reader, displaying nine lines of text at a time, or about a third of a page of regular print.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“This means you only have to press the forward button every 360 characters rather than every 20,” said Stephanie Sergeant, whose company Vision Through Sound provides training for blind people and has been working with Bristol Braille.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“It refreshes a line at a time, starting at the top. So even though it takes a little while for all the lines to refresh, you can start reading almost as soon as you press the forward key.”</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Any text that has been translated into Braille format can be downloaded into the Canute, potentially putting an endless supply of reading material at the user’s fingertips.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The proportion of blind people who can read Braille lettering, formed of one to six dots in a range of combinations, has fallen, partly due to advances in audio description technology.</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">But Bristol Braille says learning to read it can significantly boost literacy and numeracy rates among the blind.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The final prototype of Canute will enter mass production this year, priced similar to a high-end laptop.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Innovations in the field of Braille technology make this a very exciting time for Braille readers,” said Claire Maxwell, senior product developer for Braille at the Royal National Institute of Blind People.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Source | <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fin.reuters.com%252Farticle%252Fus-britain-tech-braille%252Fbraille-technology-firm-builds-kindle-for-the-blind-idINKCN1P80ZG%26sa%3DD%26sntz%3D1%26usg%3DAFQjCNEKmLEUavxsNIwkXriiKojtv19PUQ&source=gmail&ust=1547787589527000&usg=AFQjCNF1juF8VhoHRF2bCA05b8YAml7hWQ" href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-tech-braille%2Fbraille-technology-firm-builds-kindle-for-the-blind-idINKCN1P80ZG&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEKmLEUavxsNIwkXriiKojtv19PUQ" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank">https://in.reuters.com/<wbr></wbr>article/us-britain-tech-<wbr></wbr>braille/braille-technology-<wbr></wbr>firm-builds-kindle-for-the-<wbr></wbr>blind-idINKCN1P80ZG</a></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-55967327029206996692019-01-11T01:18:00.001-08:002019-01-11T01:19:08.056-08:00OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES LIST FOR STUDENTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
1. e PG PATHSHALA<br />
<br />
<a href="https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=18">https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=18</a> FOR HINDI LANGUAGE FOR UG STUDENTS<br />
<br /></div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724131756440199493.post-83649448879226117872019-01-10T20:37:00.001-08:002019-01-10T22:48:44.224-08:00Ebook reading experience<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666;">It</span><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> is a huge challenge for a writer to remain motivated in spite of repeated rejections from book publishers</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><span class="art-imagetext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Christopher C. Doyle imitates the writing style of his favourite authors.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Gurugram-based 52-year-old Christopher C. Doyle is a CEO coach who runs The Growth Catalysts, a consultancy working with business leaders.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Doyle started writing really early in life and he wrote about schoolmates, friends and teachers. His parents encouraged him to read a lot—they ensured he always had a supply of books to read—and to write. The trigger to write his first book came when he started making up bed-time stories for his two-year-old daughter. However, he never managed to get it published. Eventually, he began to write another story for his daughter, which brought together elements of mythology, history, and science. That book, grew into The Mahabharata Secret, eventually published in 2013 by Om Books. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Day job vs writing</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">In the last five years, he has written five books including The Mahabharata Quest series published by Westland in 2014. In April 2018, Westland released the first book of his new series, The Son of Bhrigu (The Pataala Prophecy book 1), a fantasy thriller series set in modern times.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Though Doyle is a prolific writer, he does think writing can’t be a full time occupation. “I really enjoy running my company and the work that I am engaged in. It is immensely satisfying. Giving it up totally is very difficult,” he says. The second reason is that—at least for now—he would not want writing to be his bread and butter. Writing is a passion and he wants it to stay that way. “Somehow, I cannot see that working for me. Maybe someday I will write full time, but not now,” he says. Writing rituals</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">“Quite honestly, I don’t have any rituals,” he says.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Kindle vs paper Paper, any day, wins hands down for Doyle. According to him there’s something about a physical book that an e-book just cannot replicate, even though e-books are very convenient. “I read three to four books at the same time, and e-books would be extremely convenient while travelling. E-books are also easier to book-mark, highlight and add notes when I am researching.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Yet, the feel of paper, the smell of the book, the ability to physically turn the pages cannot be matched by e-books,” he says. Incidentally, even his notes while researching are handwritten in notebooks, not on his laptop. “And, of course, you can’t build a library with e-books! I love being surrounded by books. My study, where I write, is lined with bookcases stuffed with physical books. I really cannot imagine being in my study with bare walls, and all my books on my Mac or my Kindle,” he adds. A writer’s challenge</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Getting published was the biggest challenge. Publishing The Mahabharata Secret took five years, after multiple rejections. “It was a huge challenge to remain motivated and be persistent in pursuing my dream in spite of rejections,” he says. Secondly, becoming an author is a challenge as it involves not just writing but also editing, marketing, travelling for promotion of the book, and being active on social media. He also has a club on his website—The Quest Club—which now has over 10,000 members and he interacts with them and uploads all kinds of interesting content exclusively for them. That takes time, as does research. “Finding time for all of this, while running my business is a big challenge,” he says. Reading right now</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">“Since I am researching for a book right now, I am reading stuff related to that,” he says. Most favoured authors</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">In fiction, he admires Isaac Asimov, Jules Verne, H G Wells, Robert A. Heinlein, J R R Tolkien, Arthur Conan Doyle, Greg Bear, Robert Jordan, William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, Thomas Hardy. In non-fiction, Graham Hancock, Brian Greene, Andrew Collins, Yuval Noah Harari, Christopher Lomas, Robert Knight, Robert Schoch, Michio Kaku, Graham Phillips, Gerald Durrell make it to his list. Doyle tries his best to follow the example of his favourite fiction writers in his writing and tries to emulate the meticulousness and thoroughness of his favourite non-fiction writers in his work.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Author at Work is a series that follows the lives of part time writers who hold a corporate day job.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div dir="rtl">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><b style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Source</span></b><b style="color: #666666;"> | Mint | 10</b><sup style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold;">th</sup><b style="color: #666666;"> January </b></span>2019</div>
</div>
</div>
simerjithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17768727380625182596noreply@blogger.com0